Mini Lesson/Activity

Computing Vegetation Cover

Overview

Explore using units in calculations with the Leaf Area Index (LAI). LAI is a ratio that describes the number of square meters of leaves per square meter of available land surface. Because of the units in the ratio, it is dimensionless.

Student Directions

Background

What is Leaf Area Index?

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites collect global Leaf Area data on a daily basis as Leaf Area Index (LAI). The LAI is a ratio that describes the number of square meters of leaves per square meter of available land surface Number of square meters of leaves divided by one square meter of available land surface. Because of the units in the ratio, it is dimensionless. Values range from 0 to 7 square meters of leaf area per square meter of land surface. Values greater than one mean that the location is covered with several layers of leaves, as in a forest canopy. But how can there be more square meters of leaf than land surface in an area? Because the vegetation grows in layers above the ground. For instance, an LAI value of 5 means that there are five layers of leaves in that area. The LAI is directly related to the health and primary productivity of plants, as plants are more productive with more leaves. A value of less than 1 means that if you took all the leaves in an area and laid them flat on the ground, there wouldn't be enough to cover the land surface. 

LAI Example for March and April 2002
LAI Example for March and April 2002 - Credit: NASA Earth Observatory
https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/inline-images/LAI%20March%202002.png

Why is Leaf Area important?

Knowing the amount of leaves present at a location on Earth relative to the total land area at that location. Understanding the total leaf area in a plant canopy helps scientists infer:

  • The amount of water stored and released by an ecosystem
  • The value of leaf litter it generated
  • The degree of photosynthesis occurring  at any given place and time

Such information also helps scientists understand the flow of energy among the various layers of vegetation, the atmosphere, and the ground, which in turn affects climate.

How is Leaf Area Index Calculated?

The calculation is square meters of leaves divided by the square meters of available land surface. Here is an example.

Two square meters divided by one square meters is equal to 2 times meters times meters divided by one times meters times meters. The units for meters all cancel out, giving two divided by 1. This simplifies to 2.

You can do math with units just like you do it with numbers. For example, any number divided by itself is equal to 1. The same is true of units.

Two divided by two is equal to one. Leaf divided by leaf is also equal to 1.

Fractions made of two different units with equal magnitudes can be made into fractions equal to 1 also. For example, 1 meter = 100 cm. Since they are equal, the following fractions are equal to 1. These are called unit multipliers.

One meter divided by one hundred centimeters is equal to one, OR, one hundred centimeters divided by one meter is also equal to one.

When multiplying with two factors, a number and one, the answer is the factor other than one. In other words, when you multiply a number by 1, the answer is the original number. This works for fractions equal to 1.

Five divided by five multiplied by three meters per second is equal to fifteen meters per second.

Knowing this, the units can be canceled when doing calculations, just like numbers. This is shown below using several steps but can be done mentally in fewer steps.

Ten square centimeters divided by two centimeters equals ten centimeters times centimeters divided by two centimeters. This is then equal to 5 centimeters times centimeters divided by one centimeter. That is then equal to five centimeters dimes one divided by one times one which equals five centimeters divided by one. This simplifies to five centimeters.

This can be used with unit multipliers to convert units. The answer will have different units, but it is still the same actual amount. For example, 3 m per second is equal to how many centimeters per second? 

three meters per secondneeds to be converted to centimeters per second. Use the unit multiplier one hundred centimeters per secondand cancel units.

One hundred centimeters divided by one meter multiplied by three meters per second equals three hundred centimeters times meters divided by one meter times second. The meters cancel giving three hundred centimeters per one second which simplifies to three hundred centimeters per second.

This is how you determine the units for the answer to a problem. Sometimes, all the units will cancel out giving a number with no units. This often happens with ratios. LAI, or Leaf Area Index, is a ratio that demonstrates this.

Steps

Leaf Area Index March 2018
Leaf Area Index March 2018
Credit: My NASA Data 
https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/inline-images/LAI%20Using%20Units%20in%20Calculations%20Image%202_0.png

  1. Use the information and Leaf Area Index March 2018 image to answer the questions. Check with your instructor on how to submit answers.
  2. Calculate leaf area index for the following examples. Use the units in the calculations.
    1.         1 m2 of leaves for 1 mof available land surface 
    2.         3.2 m2 of leaves for 2 mof available land surface 
    3.         100 m2 of leaves for 250 mof available land surface 
  3. Look at the Leaf Area Index March 2018 image and identify some areas where the LAI is at least 2. Where are they located? 
  4. Look at the same image and identify some areas where the LAI is less than 1.  Where are they located? 
  5. What do you predict would happen to LAI in an area if there were deforestation? 

Source/URL

  1. “Seeing Leaves in a New Light.” NASA, NASA, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/LAI/LAI.php.

 

Teacher Note

Teachers, these mini lessons/student activities are perfect "warm up" tasks that can be used as a hook, bellringer, exit slip, etc. They take less than a class period to complete. Learn more on the "My NASA Data What are Mini Lessons?" page.

Teachers who are interested in receiving the answer key, please complete the Teacher Key Request and Verification Form. We verify that requestors are teachers prior to sending access to the answer keys as we’ve had many students try to pass as teachers to gain access. 

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