MS-ESS1-2: Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system.

MS-ESS1-3: Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.

MS-ESS1-4: Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's 4.6-billion-year-old history.

ESS2A: Earth Materials and Systems

MS-ESS2-1: Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.

MS-ESS2-2: Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial scales.

MS-ESS2-3: Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.

MS-PS4-1: Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.

MS-PS4-2: Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

MS-PS4-3: ntegrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.